Railway Magazine

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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England trained with John Penn \& Sons, marine engine and boilermakers, and set up his own business at Hatcham Iron Works, South London, in about 1840. This was initially a general engineering business and made traversing screw jacks, which England had patented, but by 1850 it was building locomotives. One of these, Little England, a 2–2– 2T light locomotive owing much to the ideas of W.Bridges Adams, was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and England then prospered, supplying many railways at home and abroad with small locomotives. In 1863 he built two exceptionally small 0–4–0 tank locomotives for the Festiniog Railway, which enabled the latter's Manager and Engineer C.E. Spooner to introduce steam traction on this line with its gauge of just under 2 ft (60 cm). England's works had a reputation for good workmanship, suggesting he inspired loyalty among his employees, yet he also displayed increasingly tyrannical behaviour towards them: the culmination was a disastrous strike in 1865 that resulted in the loss of a substantial order from the South Eastern Railway. From 1866 George England became associated with development of locomotives to the patent of Robert Fairlie, but in 1869 he retired due to ill health and leased his works to a partnership of his son (also called George England), Robert Fairlie and J.S.Fraser under the title of the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company. However, George England junior died within a few months, locomotive production ceased in 1870 and the works was sold off two years later.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Werner von Siemens was the eldest of a large family and after the early death of his parents took his place at its head. He served in the Prussian artillery, being commissioned in 1839, after which he devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. In 1847 Siemens and J.G. Halske formed a company, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens und Halske, to manufacture a dial telegraph which they had developed from an earlier instrument produced by Charles Wheatstone. In 1848 Siemens obtained his discharge from the army and he and Halske constructed the first long-distance telegraph line on the European continent, between Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.

Werner von Siemens's younger brother, William Siemens, had settled in Britain in 1844 and was appointed agent for the Siemens \& Halske company in 1851. Later, an English subsidiary company was formed, known from 1865 as Siemens Brothers. It specialized in manufacturing and laying submarine telegraph cables: the specialist cable-laying ship Faraday, launched for the purpose in 1874, was the prototype of later cable ships and in 1874–5 laid the first cable to run direct from the British Isles to the USA. In charge of Siemens Brothers was another brother, Carl, who had earlier established a telegraph network in Russia.

In 1866 Werner von Siemens demonstrated the principle of the dynamo in Germany, but it took until 1878 to develop dynamos and electric motors to the point at which they could be produced commercially. The following year, 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric railway, and operated it at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. It comprised an oval line, 300 m (985 it) long, with a track gauge of 1 m (3 ft 3 1/2 in.); upon this a small locomotive hauled three small passenger coaches. The locomotive drew current at 150 volts from a third rail between the running rails, through which it was returned. In four months, more than 80,000 passengers were carried. The railway was subsequently demonstrated in Brussels, and in London, in 1881. That same year Siemens built a permanent electric tramway, 1 1/2 miles (2 1/2 km) long, on the outskirts of Berlin. In 1882 in Berlin he tried out a railless electric vehicle which drew electricity from a two-wire overhead line: this was the ancestor of the trolleybus.

In the British Isles, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1880 for the Giant's Causeway Railway in Ireland with powers to work it by "animal, mechanical or electrical power"; although Siemens Brothers were electrical engineers to the company, of which William Siemens was a director, delays in construction were to mean that the first railway in the British Isles to operate regular services by electricity was that of Magnus Volk.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.

By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.

The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Davidson, son of an Aberdeen merchant, attended Marischal College, Aberdeen, between 1819 and 1822: his studies included mathematics, mechanics and chemistry. He subsequently joined his father's grocery business, which from time to time received enquiries for yeast: to meet these, Davidson began to manufacture yeast for sale and from that start built up a successful chemical manufacturing business with the emphasis on yeast and dyes. About 1837 he started to experiment first with electric batteries and then with motors. He invented a form of electromagnetic engine in which soft iron bars arranged on the periphery of a wooden cylinder, parallel to its axis, around which the cylinder could rotate, were attracted by fixed electromagnets. These were energized in turn by current controlled by a simple commutaring device. Electric current was produced by his batteries. His activities were brought to the attention of Michael Faraday and to the scientific world in general by a letter from Professor Forbes of King's College, Aberdeen. Davidson declined to patent his inventions, believing that all should be able freely to draw advantage from them, and in order to afford an opportunity for all interested parties to inspect them an exhibition was held at 36 Union Street, Aberdeen, in October 1840 to demonstrate his "apparatus actuated by electro-magnetic power". It included: a model locomotive carriage, large enough to carry two people, that ran on a railway; a turning lathe with tools for visitors to use; and a small printing machine. In the spring of 1842 he put on a similar exhibition in Edinburgh, this time including a sawmill. Davidson sought support from railway companies for further experiments and the construction of an electromagnetic locomotive; the Edinburgh exhibition successfully attracted the attention of the proprietors of the Edinburgh 585\& Glasgow Railway (E \& GR), whose line had been opened in February 1842. Davidson built a full-size locomotive incorporating his principle, apparently at the expense of the railway company. The locomotive weighed 7 tons: each of its two axles carried a cylinder upon which were fastened three iron bars, and four electromagnets were arranged in pairs on each side of the cylinders. The motors he used were reluctance motors, the power source being zinc-iron batteries. It was named Galvani and was demonstrated on the E \& GR that autumn, when it achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h) while hauling a load of 6 tons over a distance of 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km); it was the first electric locomotive. Nevertheless, further support from the railway company was not forthcoming, although to some railway workers the locomotive seems to have appeared promising enough: they destroyed it in Luddite reaction. Davidson staged a further exhibition in London in 1843 without result and then, the cost of battery chemicals being high, ceased further experiments of this type. He survived long enough to see the electric railway become truly practicable in the 1880s.

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PJGR / GW

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Lartigue worked as a civil engineer in Algeria and while there invented a simple monorail for industrial or agricultural use. It comprised a single rail carried on trestles; vehicles comprised a single wheel with two tubs suspended either side, like panniers. These were pushed or pulled by hand or, occasionally, hauled by mule. Such lines were used in Algerian esparto-grass plantations.

In 1882 he patented a monorail system based on this arrangement, with important improvements: traction was to be mechanical; vehicles were to have two or four wheels and to be able to be coupled together; and the trestles were to have, on each side, a light guide rail upon which horizontal rollers beneath the vehicles would bear. Early in 1883 the Lartigue Railway Construction Company was formed in London and two experimental prototype monorails were subsequently demonstrated in public. One, at the Paris Agricultural Exhibition, had an electric locomotive that was built in two parts, one either side of the rail to maintain balance, hauling small wagons. The other prototype, in London, had a small, steam locomotive with two vertical boilers and was designed by Anatole Mallet. By now Lartigue had become associated with F.B. Behr. Behr was Managing Director of the construction company and of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which obtained an Act of Parliament in 1886 to built a Lartigue monorail railway in the South West of Ireland between those two places. Its further development and successful operation are described in the article on Behr in this volume.

A much less successful attempt to establish a Lartigue monorail railway took place in France, in the départment of Loire. In 1888 the council of the département agreed to a proposal put forward by Lartigue for a 10 1/2 mile (17 km) long monorail between the towns of Feurs and Panissières: the agreement was reached on the casting vote of the Chairman, a contact of Lartigue. A concession was granted to successive companies with which Lartigue was closely involved, but construction of the line was attended by muddle, delay and perhaps fraud, although it was completed sufficiently for trial trains to operate. The locomotive had two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. But the inspectors of the department found deficiencies in the completeness and probable safety of the railway; when they did eventually agree to opening on a limited scale, the company claimed to have insufficient funds to do so unless monies owed by the department were paid. In the end the concession was forfeited and the line dismantled. More successful was an electrically operated Lartigue mineral line built at mines in the eastern Pyrenees.

It appears to have reused equipment from the electric demonstration line, with modifications, and included gradients as steep as 1 in 12. There was no generating station: descending trains generated the electricity to power ascending ones. This line is said to have operated for at least two years.

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See also: Brennan, Louis; Palmer, Henry Robinson

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

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George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.

The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.

From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.

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SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878, Sprague served at sea and with various shore establishments. In 1883 he resigned from the Navy and obtained employment with the Edison Company; but being convinced that the use of electricity for motive power was as important as that for illumination, in 1884 he founded the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company. Sprague began to develop reliable and efficient motors in large sizes, marketing 15 hp (11 kW) examples by 1885. He devised the method of collecting current by using a wooden, spring-loaded rod to press a roller against the underside of an overhead wire. The installation by Sprague in 1888 of a street tramway on a large scale in Richmond, Virginia, was to become the prototype of the universally adopted trolley system with overhead conductor and the beginning of commercial electric traction. Following the success of the Richmond tramway the company equipped sixty-seven other railways before its merger with Edison General Electric in 1890. The Sprague traction motor supported on the axle of electric streetcars and flexibly mounted to the bogie set a pattern that was widely adopted for many years.

Encouraged by successful experiments with multiple-sheave electric elevators, the Sprague Elevator Company was formed and installed the first set of high-speed passenger cars in 1893–4. These effectively displaced hydraulic elevators in larger buildings. From experience with control systems for these, he developed his system of multiple-unit control for electric trains, which other engineers had considered impracticable. In Sprague's system, a master controller situated in the driver's cab operated electrically at a distance the contactors and reversers which controlled the motors distributed down the train. After years of experiment, Sprague's multiple-unit control was put into use for the first time in 1898 by the Chicago South Side Elevated Railway: within fifteen years multiple-unit operation was used worldwide.

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GW / PJGR

1) General subject: cage (подшипника), girdle, hoop, retainer, yoke

2) Naval: magazine tube

3) Medicine: clip (сшивающего аппарата)

4) Military: (патронная) clip, (патронная) magazine, magazine charger

5) Engineering: band, becket, box, bracket, case, clip (трансформатора), collar, container (пресс-формы), fixed block, fixture, frame, holder, housing, lower shield (ламповой панели), race cage, ring, rocker (качающейся печи), skirt (ламповой панели), (турбины) vane carrier

6) Chemistry: bolster

7) Construction: hooping, shoulder

8) Railway term: cone (конического подшипника)

9) Automobile industry: ferrule

10) Mining: socket

11) Metallurgy: yoke (напр. завалочной тележки)

12) Electronics: ball race

13) Information technology: yoke (группа скреплённых головок чтения - записи), yoke (группа скрепленных головок чтения-записи)

14) Oil: casing, chase, race (подшипника), socket sleeve, shackle

15) Mechanic engineering: fork

16) Polymers: frame (матрицы), holder block, nest plate (формы), shoe

17) Automation: becket (для закрепления стропа), chase (пресс-формы), framework, shell, sleeve

18) Plastics: die block, nest plate (в формах для литья под давлением)

19) Robots: charger, strip

20) Arms production: charger (патронная), loading clip, stripper clip (не путать с магазином)

21) Chemical weapons: cartridge-clip (испытания сверла, drill tests)

22) Makarov: box (щёткодержателя), cartridge, magazine, pocket, raceway (подшипника)

23) Security: cartridge clip (стрелкового оружия), charger (стрелкового оружия)

24) Electrical engineering: bracket (подшипника)

1) General subject: batcher, bin, hutch, pocket, skip

2) Geology: transfer bin

3) Naval: bunker

4) Sports: (на гольф-поле-песчаная ловушка, специально сделанная на поле чтобы усложнить задачу игрока.) bunker

5) Military: bunker

6) Engineering: basket (хлопкоуборочной машины), bowl, hopper, silo, underground shelter (подземное укрытие)

7) Agriculture: tanker (для зерна на комбайне)

8) Chemistry: DUMPSTER (контейнер)

9) Construction: batch truck (на передвижных машинах), hopper-bottomed, storage bin, storage bunker (для хранения сыпучих тел), storage silo, garbage hopper (для отходов)

10) Railway term: batch box, coal bin, hopper box, loading bin, loading pocket, silo (напр. для цемента)

11) Economy: bunker (топливная цистерна), oil (топливо)

12) Accounting: bin (на складе)

13) Mining: bin (на передвижных машинах), bunker (на передвижных машинах), hurley, movable bunker (на передвижных машинах), pocket (у ствола шахты), poket (у ствола шахты), portable bin (на передвижных машинах), travelling bin (на передвижных машинах)

14) Metallurgy: (загрузочный) magazine, storage hopper

15) Polygraphy: hopper (напр. листоподборочной машины), hopper source

16) Textile: stall

17) Oil: fuel hopper, p-tank, blockhouse

18) Sociology: emergency shelter

19) Astronautics: block house, firing room

20) Silicates: box

21) Coolers: bunker (для льда), container

22) Drilling: charger

23) Oil&Gas technology mixing hopper

24) Microelectronics: charging hopper, load hopper, loading hopper

25) Polymers: distributor hopper

26) Automation: feed magazine, feeder, hopper-type bin, magazine, pan, storage tower, supply bin

27) Plastics: feed chute

28) Chemical weapons: bunker (sometimes called an igloo) (хранилище), hopper (хранилище), igloo (хранилище), storage hopper (хранилище)

29) Makarov: banker, bin (ёмкость для хранения, дозирования сыпучих и кусковых материалов), hopper (ёмкость для хранения, дозирования сыпучих и кусковых материалов), silo (для хранения цемента и т.п.), tank (для зерна на комбайне)

30) Gold mining: bin (дробилки), hutch (отсадочной машины)

31) Oil processing plants: pit

32) Aluminium industry: reservoir

1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer

2) Medicine: box

3) Latin: receptaculum

4) Military: receiver, tuner

5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel

6) Agriculture: collector

7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake

8) Mathematics: follower

9) Railway term: pick up unit

10) Law: reception center

11) Architecture: reception centre

12) Forestry: bag (напр. живицы)

13) Metallurgy: catchpot

14) Electronics: receiving terminal

15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)

16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank

17) Astronautics: set

18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool

19) Mechanic engineering: pan

20) Metrology: detector (например, теплового излучения)

21) Mechanics: receiving transducer

22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)

23) Drilling: receiving device

24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum

25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target

26) Polymers: tank

27) Automation: detector (напр. излучения), receiver (напр. сигналов)

28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)

29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)

30) Marine science: header (воды)

31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод)

1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer

2) Medicine: box

3) Latin: receptaculum

4) Military: receiver, tuner

5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel

6) Agriculture: collector

7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake

8) Mathematics: follower

9) Railway term: pick up unit

10) Law: reception center

11) Architecture: reception centre

12) Forestry: bag (напр. живицы)

13) Metallurgy: catchpot

14) Electronics: receiving terminal

15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)

16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank

17) Astronautics: set

18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool

19) Mechanic engineering: pan

20) Metrology: detector (например, теплового излучения)

21) Mechanics: receiving transducer

22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)

23) Drilling: receiving device

24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum

25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target

26) Polymers: tank

27) Automation: detector (напр. излучения), receiver (напр. сигналов)

28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)

29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)

30) Marine science: header (воды)

31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод)

1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer

2) Medicine: box

3) Latin: receptaculum

4) Military: receiver, tuner

5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel

6) Agriculture: collector

7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake

8) Mathematics: follower

9) Railway term: pick up unit

10) Law: reception center

11) Architecture: reception centre

12) Forestry: bag (напр. живицы)

13) Metallurgy: catchpot

14) Electronics: receiving terminal

15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)

16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank

17) Astronautics: set

18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool

19) Mechanic engineering: pan

20) Metrology: detector (например, теплового излучения)

21) Mechanics: receiving transducer

22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)

23) Drilling: receiving device

24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum

25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target

26) Polymers: tank

27) Automation: detector (напр. излучения), receiver (напр. сигналов)

28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)

29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)

30) Marine science: header (воды)

31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод)

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

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William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.

Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.

Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.

On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.

Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.

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1) General subject: arsenal, blockship, breed, cast (ума, характера), constitution (the constitution of one's mind - склад ума), contour, depositary, depot, disposition, green-room, hangar, harmony, hoard, make (характера), make up (ума, характера), mould, pack-house, packhouse-, packhouse-pack-house, repertory, repository, self, sense, stockroom, storage, store, texture, turn (характера), warehouse, wareroom, way, wh, depository, yard, attitude (ума, например)

2) Biology: make-up (характера)

3) Naval: bond

4) Medicine: habit

5) Obsolete: promptuary, storehouse

6) Military: depot activity, (полевой) dump, magazine, naval ammunition depot, park, stocking depot, storage activity (запасов), storage depot, storage site, staging area

7) Engineering: dump, pantechnicon, shop, stock, stocker, stockpile, storage area, storage facility, storage room, storage space, store house, storeroom

8) Agriculture: (лесной) storage yard

9) History: garderobe

10) Construction: goods shed, stack-yard, storage place, storage structure, storage warehouse, store building, store-room, staple

11) Mathematics: kind (of mind)

12) Railway term: conservatory, goods depot, shed

13) Law: entrepot

14) Economy: depot installation, shed it, stock (готовых изделий или полуфабрикатов), stock rooms, stockhouse, stockyard, warehouse facilities

15) Automobile industry: bond room, packhouse, stock room (материалов)

16) Mining: dump (напр. угля, руды)

17) Forestry: collecting depot, deck, header, holding area, landing, pile bottom, storage yard (лесной), yard (лесной)

18) Metallurgy: stock (готовых изделий), store room

19) Psychology: composition (ума), configuration (психики), habitus

20) Oil: (товарный) warehouse

21) Astronautics: farm, storage magazine

22) Mechanic engineering: stacker

23) Silicates: stackyard, storage yard, (открытый) yard

24) Mechanics: stock room

25) Advertising: storing room

26) Business: deposit, stock building, storage building, storage house

27) Warehouse: holding, storage facilities, terminal

28) Polymers: catchall

29) Automation: warehousing

30) Quality control: storing shed

31) Arms production: depot establishment

32) Cables: storage assembly

33) Chemical weapons: depot, warehouse

34) Aviation medicine: habit (характера)

35) Makarov: packing shed, self (человека)

36) SAP.tech. SLoc, StLoc, stor. loc., storage location, whse

37) Logistics: administrative dump, parking ground, stockage point, storage plant, storeholding installation, stores and equipment depot, stores distribution point, supply depot, supply dump, supply room, supply warehouse

38) Microsoft: inventory

1) General subject: discharge (из больницы), draw (чек), prescribe, send away, subscribe, take, take out (цитаты), write out (из текста), write out fair, book (engage a performer, etc. in advance / заказать услуги исполнителя и т.п.), copy out by hand

2) Engineering: make an extract

3) Chemistry: extract

4) Mathematics: copy, put down

5) Railway term: make out (счёт)

6) Economy: draw (тратту, чек; выставлять), make out (чек), writ out

7) Accounting: issue

8) Patents: make out

9) Business: write for

10) leg.N.P. abstract, discharge (e.g., a patient from a hospital), draw (e.g., a check, a bill of exchange, a promissory note), excerpt (e.g., from a book, a judgment, a record), issue (e.g., a writ of execution), make an abstract, order (e.g., merchandise from a distant place), subscribe to (e.g., a newspaper, a magazine)

11) Makarov: copy out, draw up (чек)

1) General subject: basic repair, big repair, full (big, capital) repair, major overhaul, renewal, thorough overhaul, complete overhaul, gut rehab (когда уж совсем капитальный и остаются практически одни стены http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/One-House-Three-Ways/Web-Extra-Should-You-Do-a-Gut-Rehab/), overhaul, rehabbing, home remodeling

2) Naval: extensive repair, through repairs

3) Military: depot overhaul

4) Engineering: general maintenance, heavy overhaul, rebuilding, workover (скважины), workover job (скважины)

5) Agriculture: renewals

6) Chemistry: overhauling

7) Construction: capital repairs (здания), major repairs (AD)

8) Railway term: complete overhauling, overall repair

9) Law: capital repair

10) Economy: complete repairs, heavy repair, heavy repairs, major maintenance, thorough repairs

11) Accounting: extraordinary repairs (вызывающий изменение ликвидационной стоимости (residual value) или срока эксплуатации (useful life))

12) Automobile industry: major repair

13) Metallurgy: general overhaul, overhaul repairs

14) Telecommunications: heavy maintenance

15) Oil: FR (full repair), MOH (major overhaul), OH (overhaul), WO (скважины, well-workover operation), full repair, overhaul repair, thorough repair, total overhaul, maintenance overhaul, top overhaul

16) Sociology: alteration, conversion, modernization, reconstruction

17) Business: capital repairs, extensive repairs, overhaul maintenance

18) Sakhalin energy glossary: capitalized workover, major turnaround, overhaul (turnaround, workovers), reworking operations, turnaround, workovers

19) Audit: workovers (скважин)

20) Sakhalin R: major turnaround (see: workovers), overhaul (turnaround, workovers)

21) Makarov: master overhaul, rehabilitation

22) Cement: revision, turnover job

1) General subject: terminal

2) Aviation: terminal block

3) Medicine: approximating forceps, approximating magazine, fastener

4) Engineering: binder post, binding post, clamping arrangement, cleat, clip, connection terminal, lead terminal (контактный), post

5) Chemistry: clamp

6) Construction: connecting terminal, electric terminal, terminal clamp, wire clamp

7) Railway term: connecting screw, connection screw, contact device, grip, wiring terminal

8) Automobile industry: terminal (батареи), terminal post, terminal screw

9) Metallurgy: Electric panel rivet

10) Telecommunications: contact terminal

11) Astronautics: connector, pin, (контрольная) test jack

12) Mechanic engineering: cleet

13) Arms production: snap

14) Sakhalin A: cable gland

15) Electrochemistry: limb

16) oil&gas: tulip

17) Printed circuits: header

1) General subject: carrier (для транспортировки радиоактивных веществ), case, casket (для радиоактивных материалов), container, lighter, package, pannier (с обеих сторон велосипеда или мотоцикла), skip

2) Naval: chest, TEU (20-футового эквивалента (на контейнеровозе, например))

3) Military: (складской) bin, box, cartridge, hopper, pack, (подвесной) pod, shelter, shelter (для оборудования), tank

4) Engineering: canister, cartridge, cask (для ядерного топлива), casket (для ядерного топлива), coffin (для транспортировки радиоактивных веществ), filling chest, holder, repository, storage box (для катушки с видеолентой), vessel (для жидкостей или газов), steel building

5) Agriculture: bin filler, pallet, pan

6) Construction: refrigerated container (для образцов мёрзлого грунта), transport box, transport container

7) Railway term: sling van

8) Automobile industry: lift van, package (с радиоаппаратурой)

9) Cinema: bin

10) Forestry: jar

11) Metallurgy: orifice, pot

12) Oil: pod

13) Immunology: bag

14) Special term: castle

15) Astronautics: capsule, cocoon, locker, matrix, strongback

16) Food industry: portable bin

17) Silicates: van

18) Mechanics: crate

19) Ecology: receptacle, refuse receptacle

20) Business: magazine

21) Crystallography: crucible

22) Sakhalin energy glossary: aerated container

23) Solar energy: container device

24) Polymers: bowl, can

25) Programming: container format

26) Automation: cassette

27) Nuclear physics: rabbit

28) Chemical weapons: one-ton containers (на 1 тонну)

29) Aviation medicine: capsula, capsule( герметическая)

30) Makarov: basket

31) SAP.tech. container instance

32) Logistics: cargo transporter, CTN

33) Electrical engineering: core flux test infrared camera

1) General subject: batcher, feeder

2) Geology: dropper

3) Naval: ready service magazine

4) Engineering: choke (литниковой системы), feed, feed mechanism, feed track, feeder gate, feeding conveyor, feeding gate, feeding mechanism, fueler, gate (литник), gate runner (литник), header (литниковой системы), ingate (литник), joint gate, parting gate, runner (литник), workfeeder

5) Construction: feed bar, feeder (конвейер)

6) Railway term: batch box

7) Forestry: infeed mechanism

8) Metallurgy: choke (элемент литниковой системы), gate, loader (технологической установки, станка)

9) Polygraphy: automatic feeder

10) Silicates: flow device

11) Mechanics: feeding device

12) Polymers: feed box, feed chamber, feeding hopper, feeding machine

13) Automation: feed apparatus, feed unit, feeding apparatus

14) Plastics: hopper

15) Robots: feeding gate (с отсечкой деталей)

16) Chemical weapons: feed gate

17) Makarov: delivery mechanism, feed table, feeding table, feeding unit, food unit, infeed

18) Gold mining: feed breaker

19) Cement: feed conveyor

1) Military: box (ракет)

2) Engineering: underground storage

3) Construction: storage underground

4) Railway term: buried storage

5) Oil: subsurface storage

6) Astronautics: belowground storage, box, underground magazine, underground vault

7) Food industry: underground warehouse

8) Coolers: subsurface stock, underground stock

9) Oil&Gas technology subterranean storage

10) Makarov: underground storage (естеств. газа или нефти)

11) Logistics: underground storage room